Comptroller and Auditor General

 Comptroller and Auditor General is also known as CAG and it is the constitutional body. It is in      Article 148 and it is the independent body of Indian Government.

He is the head of Audit and Accounts department of the country and control the financial system of the country at both the Levels - Centre as well as state level. His duty is to uphold the constitution of India and laws of parliament in the field of Financial administration. 

This is why Dr.B.R.Ambedkar said that CAG shall be the most important Officer under the Constitution of India. He is the bulwark of the democratic system of government in India.

The word Comptroller and Auditor General was taken from British constitution 

Appointment And Term

1.  The CAG is appointed by the President of India by a warrant under his hand and seal,

2.  He holds office for a Period of Six Years or upto age of 65 years, Whichever is earlier. 

3.  He can resign any time from his office by addressing the resignation letter to the President.

4.  He can also be removed by the president on the same grounds and in the same manner as a Judge of       the Supreme court.

Independence of Comptroller and Auditor General 

1. He is provided with the Security of Tenure. He can be removed by the president only.

2. He is not eligible for the further office, either in the central or state government 

3. CAG salary and other service condition are determined by the Parliament. His salary is equal to that      of the judge of the Supreme court.

4. The administrative expenses of the office of the CAG, including all salaries, allowances and pensions of persons serving in the office are charge upon the Consolidated fund of India.

Duties And Powers of Comptroller and Auditor General

1, He audits the account related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, consolidated fund of all States and union Territory.

2. He audits all trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central and State Government.

3. He audits the recepits and expenditure of the following -

    a.  All bodies and authorities financed from the center or state government

    b.  Government companies; and

    c.  Other corporation and bodies, when so required by related laws.

4. He advice the President with regard to prescription of the form in which the account o the Center and the State shell be kept ( Article 150 ).

Panchayati Raj System

 In our nation there are power sepration system. So there are majorly Three stages of power sepration 

1. CENTRAL  2. STATE  3. LOCAL 

So we all know the first two stages of power, Now here we will discuss about level Third that is Local Self Government. But in this stage there are two types First one is - Rural area and second one is Urben area.

Which ever topic we study we have to go in the History of that thing like why our Leaders bring it, Why it is nessessry to our nation to built as a powerful nation.

So the Requirement of PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM  in our Constitution is to Solve the Local issues at Local Level because it is not easy that any of the Central power can dirctly look into the local issues. Thats why it is the major thing in our constition. But it is not from Starting in our Constitution.

Let talk about Objective First - To ensure the participation o public in the process of development and to promote the Democratic Decentralisation.

Now back to its History 

In 1882 Load Ripon ( VICEORY OF INDIA 1880-1884 ) Established District Board to provide facilities to the rural people. He is also known as FATHER OF LOCAL SELF-GOVT.

Now in 1950 our Constitution was ready but there was not any Artical related to this type of power because Dr.B.R.Ambedkar did not support panchayati raj system because he thought that Local leaders will get more power and than they will herss the local people and Bribe is one of the majore problem at that time. So, he was also right at that time but as time pass we all have someone who will listen local level problems than Finally, PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM was added to D.P.S.P undre Artical-40

But its is not compulsary to all state and it is optional to all states at that time.

In the term of Pt. J.L.Nehru he started Two programes for Rural Devlopment. Here they are-

1. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAME - 2nd OCT,1952

2. NATIONAL EXTENTION SERVICE - 2nd OCT,1953 

But Unfortunattly both the programe get failed due to some reasons.

In 1957 to enquire the reason of the failure of these two programes, Nehru ji established a committee under the presidentship of Balwant Rai Mehta and it is known as Balwant Rai Metha Committee. So, reason they give of the failure was there was no particititation of public. This was the only reason of fail.

The suggestion was given that was to do Democratic Decentralisation. 

Balwant Rai Metha Committee was also known as Father or Architect of Panchayati Raj System.

What is Democratic Decentralisation ?

There will be 3-tire system First will be Village(Gram) Panchayat at Village level, Second will be Panchayat Samiti at Block level and last one will be Zilla Parishad/Panchayat at District level.

At that time Nehru ji asked all states to implement Panchayati Raj System only as verbaly there was not compultion or nothing as written order.

Than on 2nd OCT,1959 Rajasthan become First state to implement this system and First District was Nagaur and the Village was Bagdari Village.

And than on 11thOCT,1959 Andhra Pradesh become second state to implement this system with the help of Nehru ji.

Than Morarji Desai come to power in 1977. So, he established one committee known as Ashok Mehta Committee than this committee suggest Two tire system they said one will be Maudal panchayat at Block level and second one is Zilla Parishad/Panchayat at District level another suggestion was to establishment of Gram Nyayalaya or Village Courts. Last suggestion was Reservation for SC & ST.

Than after this committee many committees where formed one was G.V.K.Rao committee which is not so important in the making of this system constitutional.

Than in 1986 another committee was formed and known as L.M.Singhvi Committee and the suggestion of this committee is more important.

The Recommendations where - 1.Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj System   2. 3-tire system should be implement   3. Establishment of Gram panchayat   4. Formation of State Election Commission.

                    Parliament Secretariat

The two houses of Parliament are given the authority to draft their own rules of procedure and have distinct secretarial staffs under our constitution. Members of Parliament (MPs) actively debating key national issues that influence the country are the visible aspect of a lively legislature. The backbone of Parliament, however, is an autonomous secretariat that works ceaselessly in the background to support legislative function. 

Lok Sabha Secretariat

• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha advises the Lok Sabha Secretariat, which is an independent entity of the Lok Sabha.
• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted in the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities by the Secretary-General, Lok Sabha (whose pay scale, position, and status are equivalent to those of the highest-ranking official in the Government of India, i.e. Cabinet Secretary), Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, and other officers and staff of the Secretariat at various levels.
• The Secretary General serves until he or she reaches the age of 60, when he or she retires.
• He or she is exclusively accountable to the Speaker, and his or her actions cannot be debated or criticized inside or outside the Lok Sabha.
• In the absence of the Speaker, he summons members of Parliament to a session of Parliament and authenticates bills on behalf of the President of India.

Rajya Sabha secretariat

• The Rajya Sabha Secretariat was established under the provisions of Article 98 of the Constitution.
• The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha oversees and controls the Rajya Sabha Secretariat.

Functions are;

• Providing secretarial assistance and support to the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
• Providing amenities to Rajya Sabha Members
• Serving the various Parliamentary Committees
• Preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications
• Recruiting manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters
• Preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day procedure.

RAJYA SABHA

The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. It currently has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through Open Ballot while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with elections every year but almost a third of the 233 designates up for election every two years, specifically in even-numbered years.The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, being the lower house of the Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament, is not subjected to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President.

The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold greater influence because of its larger membership. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.

Rajya Sabha meets in the eponymous chamber in Parliament House in New Delhi. Since 18 July 2018, the Rajya Sabha has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India.

Qualifications

Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must

• Be a citizen of India.
• Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
• Be at least 30 years old. (article 84 constitution of India)
• Be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of single transferable vote through proportional representation.
• Not be a proclaimed criminal.
• Not be a subject of insolvent, i.e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses.
• Not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
• Not be of unsound mind.
• Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.

List of members by State/Union Territory

State and Union Territory	Seats
Andhra Pradesh	11
Arunachal Pradesh	1
Assam	7
Bihar	16
Chhattisgarh	5
Goa	1
Gujarat	11
Haryana	5
Himachal Pradesh	3
Jammu and Kashmir	4
Jharkhand	6
Karnataka	12
Kerala	9
Madhya Pradesh	11
Maharashtra	19
Manipur	1
Meghalaya	1
Mizoram	1
Nagaland	1
National Capital Territory of Delhi	3
Nominees by the President	12
Odisha	10
Puducherry	1
Punjab	7
Rajasthan	10
Sikkim	1
Tamil Nadu	18
Telangana	7
tripura	1
Uttar Pradesh	31
Uttarakhand	3
West Bengal	16
TOTAL	245

LOK SABHA

LOK SABHA

Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, which is made up by election of upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the Hon'ble President, if,  in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.

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HISTORY OF LOK SABHA

A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947. During this period, the office of the Secretary of State for India was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of Viceroy of India was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India. The Indian Independence Act 1947, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India  into two new independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.

According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.) of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).^[12]

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.

Sessions of Lok Sabha

Sessions	Commenced Date	Prime Minister
First	13 May 1952	Jawaharlal Nehru
Second	April 1957	Jawaharlal Nehru
Third	April 1962	Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri
Fourth	March 1967	Indira Gandhi
Fifth	March 1971	Indira Gandhi
Sixth	March 1977	Morarji Desai and Charan Singh
Seventh	January 1980	Indira Gandhi
Eighth	December 1984	Rajiv Gandhi
Ninth	December 1989	V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar
Tenth	June 1991	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Eleventh	May 1996	Atal Bihari Vajpayee, H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral
Twelfth	March 1998	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Thirteenth	October 1999	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Fourteenth	May 2004	Manmohan Singh
Fifteenth	May 2009	Manmohan Singh
Sixteenth	May 2014	Narendra Modi
Seventeenth	May 2019	Narendra Modi

INDIAN PARLIAMENT

INDIAN PARLIAMENT

What is parliament ? 

A Parliament is a main part of any democratic country but Parliament does not work in countries where is dictatorship.

Parliament is a basic need of any democratic country like in food we need salt for taste like this we need parliament to ensure the on going development of our nation.

Morden Parliament mainly have three functions that are 

1) Representing the electorates. 
2) Making laws. 
3) Overseeing the government via hearing & enquiries.

In every country the name of Parliament is different. Like -

COUNTRY                             PARLIAMENT

  AUSTRALIA             ⇒            Federal Parliament

  CHINA                       ⇒            National people Congress (NPC)

  U.S.A                           ⇒            Congress

  INDIA                         ⇒             Sansad

(  https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-countries-and-their-parliaments-1399714528-1   )

Indian Parliament is known as SANSAD (संसद).....

India is biggest democratic country in the world. So we also need biggest and powerful parliament.
parliament of india two houses.

1.  Rajya sabha ( upper house )

2.  Lok sabha ( lower house ) 

Lok sabha  ( house of the people ) 

Lower house ( lok sabha ) has 552 members. All are directly elected by citizens of the country. Every citizen of country who is over 18 years of age is eligible to vote for the lok sabha. The time period of the members of lok sabha is 5 years. 

To be eligible for membership in the lok sabha a person must be a citizen of india and must be 25 years of the age  and should not be criminally convinced. 

Lok sabha is temporary house it can be dissolve at any time. 

Rajya sabha  ( Council of states ) 

Upper House ( rajya sabha) has 250 maximum members. Its members are elected by members of legislative bodies of the state. The minimum age for a person to become a member of rajya sabha is 30 years. 

Each member is elected for a term of six years. And one third ( 1/3 ) of the members retire every second year. 

Rajya sabha is a permanent house it can't be dissolve. 

TOTAL MEMBERS IN BOTH HOUSES

LOK SABHA      

TOTAL SEAT                                                               ➡           552 MEMBERS

ELECTED FROM DIFFRENT STATES                       ➡         530 MEMBERS

REPRESENTING UNION TERRITORIES              ➡      20 MEMBERS

ANGLO-INDIAN ( NOMINATED BY PRESIDENT. )  ➡    2 MEMBERS

RAJYA SABHA 

TOTAL SEAT                                                                                        ➡  250 MEMBERS 

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STATE AND UNION TERRITORIES    ➡ 238 MEMBERS 

PRESIDENT NOMINATED.                                                                     ➡ 12 MEMBERS